In Ukraine, the issue of safety of maritime transportation of oil and oil products is particularly acute.

1/3 of oil exported to the CIS countries is supplied to Ukraine. Ukraine’s demand for oil products is estimated at 24-28 million tons per year. Due to imports, it satisfies the need for oil (petroleum products) by 80-90%.

Volume of oil transportation by enterprises of Derzhnaftogazprom of Ukraine, million tons

By 2000, it is planned to increase annual production to 5 million tons per year. Refineries (+ refineries in Drohobych) operate on imported oil in Kherson, Lysychansk, Kremenchug and Odesa.

One of the main problems of the oil industry is the high degree of production of easily accessible fields (about 45%). The solution to this problem is to use modern technologies, which will increase the level of oil recovery of the layers. Increased oil recovery (at a constant level of production) will increase the service life of fields.

In the future, transportation of all oil through pipelines is envisaged, meaning the creation of regional systems of main oil pipelines and distribution network to oil depots and gas stations. But these plans relate to the distant future. At present, pipeline transport is in the first place in terms of cargo turnover.

The length of the pipelines is 66,000 km (for comparison in the United States – 325 lab report writing service free,000 km). Due to the fact that oil production is concentrated away from the places of refining and consumption, it would seem that much attention should be paid to the condition of oil pipelines, but not a month goes by without us hearing about another accident and the subsequent environmental catastrophe (though while local). But seeing the numbers, it’s easy to see why accidents happen.

Duration of operation of the oil pipeline system

Reasons for failures on main oil pipelines

Oil refining. World energy balance of the 20th century.

The location of the main oil reserves does not coincide with the location of the population, production and consumption of fuel and energy. About 9/10 of mineral fuel reserves (including oil) and more than 4/5 of hydropower are located in the eastern regions, while about 4/5 of the total amount of fuel and energy is consumed in the European part of the country.

The location of the oil refining industry depends on the size of consumption, oil refining and transportation techniques, territorial relations between resources and volumes of liquid fuel consumption. At present, processing has approached areas of consumption. It is conducted along the routes of oil pipelines, as well as in points with a favorable transport and geographical position.

Economically more profitable approximation of the oil refining industry to places of consumption:

transportation of fuel oil, oils and other volatile oil products is reduced; transportation of crude oil is more economical than transportation of its derivatives; the location of refineries is becoming ubiquitous.

The development of the oil and refining industries is due to the feasibility of using oil mainly for the production of motor fuels and chemical raw materials. As an energy raw material, natural gas is more efficient because the equivalent amount is twice as cheap as oil.

The location of industries and industries of the petrochemical industry is under the combined influence of various factors, among which the largest role is played by raw materials, fuel and energy and consumer.

Polymer materials industry. Organic synthesis is based on a powerful and widespread raw material base, which allows to develop production in almost any economic region. Oil and gas raw materials came to the fore, from which almost all synthetic rubber is produced, which is dominated by some plastics and a significant amount of fibers.

The resources of this raw material are represented by: fugitive petroleum gases, natural gases and refined hydrocarbons. The sphere of production of synthetic materials has noticeably expanded territorially, covering not only places of oil and gas production, but also the areas which have received communication with sources of raw materials as a result of creation of a network of oil pipelines (Central, Donetsk -Dnieper, etc.).

The synthetic resin and plastics industry is based on fugitive petroleum gases and refined hydrocarbons.

The State Department of Oil, Gas and Oil Refining Industry of Ukraine in connection with the increase of ecological safety of the industry and labor protection in 2001 submitted proposals to 25 research and production enterprises and organizations for funding from the State Budget in 2002.51 million 959 thousand UAH.

Efforts of strong scientific and intellectual potential of the industry (UNTA, 17 institutes), which is not fully used, are aimed at priority areas of scientific and technological progress and further development of the oil and gas industry of Ukraine, including:

implementation of the National Program "Oil and Gas of Ukraine until 2010"; implementation of the State Program "Development of Hydrocarbon Resources of the Ukrainian Sector of the Black and Azov Seas"; implementation of the State Program "Creation and organization of production of drilling, oilfield, oil refining equipment and machinery for the construction of oil and gas pipelines with scientific and technical part for the period up to 2010" and the corresponding development of serial production by machine -building plants of new competitive import-substituting equipmentwells, production, transport and refining of oil and gas; implementation of the State Program "Program of measures to overcome the socio-economic and man-made consequences of long-term oil production in the Boryslav oil field for 1997-2000"; development and implementation of new methods of intensification of oil and gas production and increase of oil and gas condensate recovery of productive horizons for the purpose of fuller and more efficient use of explored oil and gas reserves; implementation of the program "Highly reliable pipeline transport".

Technical re-equipment of the industry provides:

continuation of technical reconstruction of oil refineries to deepen oil refining; further deployment of industrial research in order to increase the return of oil fields of both old and new fields; diagnostic inspections of the technical condition of the linear part of the main oil and gas pipelines, their repair and reconstruction, replacement of gas pumping units with more modern ones with increased efficiency and ensuring on this basis the efficiency and reliability of their operation.

But funding for these scientific and technical programs is not provided.

The Department of Oil, Gas and Refining Industry conducted an analysis of the state of labor protection at the enterprises of the industry in 2000, identified the most vulnerable places in the prevention of industrial and non-industrial injuries, accidents and fires, analyzed the implementation of the National Improvement Program. state of safety, occupational health and working environment for 1996 – 2000 "and developed measures to improve the implementation of this program.

The industry is working on the organization of labor protection and fire safety in accordance with the Laws of Ukraine "On labor protection" "On fire safety" and "On road traffic" aimed at preventing occupational injuries, improving working conditions, improving fire safety, accident prevention and emergencies at the facilities of Derzhnaftogazprom enterprises.

The implementation of measures to prevent road accidents continues in accordance with the "Comprehensive State Program for the Prevention of Road Traffic, Domestic and Child Injuries and Other Non-Production Accidents for 1996-2000."

To fulfill the order of the Cabinet of Ministers of 02.09. 99 RUR No. Ind. 33 The "Guide to the Atmospheric Emission Inventory" was developed and developed within the framework of the EMEP Joint European Program. Proposals and comments on this issue were sent to the Ministry of Ecology by letter dated 10.01. 2000 No. 30-2-01-25.

In pursuance of the order of the Ministry of Energy of Ukraine, the specialists of the Department considered the first edition of the Program for Prevention and Response to Emergencies of Man-Made and Natural Nature for 2000-2003.

In Ukraine, the issue of safety of maritime transportation of oil and oil products is particularly acute. Therefore, all vessels during their stay in port waters, as well as enterprises and organizations located in port areas (or have discharges into the water area), are prohibited from discharging into the water substances harmful to human health or living resources of the sea, in particular:

oil, oil products, oil residues, as well as mixtures with their content in any concentration, including purified in ship equipment, ballast water from fuel-ballast and oil tanks, pure ballast; chemical raw materials and products of chemical production after cleaning and washing of decks, cargo holds and tanks. untreated effluents, as well as wastewater after shipboard installation of physical and chemical treatment. The fan system is transferred to storage tanks, outboard valves are sealed; any other effluents, if they change the color, odor, transparency of the water or their discharge leads to the appearance of visible floating particles; garbage or food waste, residues of any cargo and separation used in their transportation.

All vessels are prohibited from using preparations that lower oil to the bottom or dissolve it in water to clean the water area. In the event of an emergency spill of oil or oil products, a vessel trapped in an oil field shall not proceed with the special permission of the head of the emergency spill response operation.

Shipowners and managers of enterprises that have violated the Mandatory Regulations on the port in the field of environmental protection shall reimburse all costs of the port for the elimination of pollution and its consequences at established rates, port costs for renting equipment, vessels and personnel of other enterprises and paid by the port. the amount of fines for pollution.

So, as we can see, the oil and oil refining industry is developing in the future. However, their growth is increasingly causing problems related to environmental pollution.